An integrator that you configure with an op amp is a simple circuit consisting of a resistor, a capacitor, and an op amp, so how can anything go wrong? In Figure 1, when Z F is a capacitor, the closed ...

(Editor's Note: There are links to the previous parts of this series at the end, below the author's biography.) AC parameters which describe the amplifier's performance over frequency can appear very ...

It may come as a surprise to some that a control loop’s Bode plot does not always depict the loop stability and that the output impedance measurement, obtained non-invasively, always does. Challengers ...